The breakthrough of cinematography partly depended on the novelty of a technique that was able to record and reproduce reality in life-like motion pictures. Although several pioneers hoped it could be applied to longer scenes for theatrical use, throughout the 19th century further development of the technique mostly concentrated on combinations with the stereoscope (introduced in 1838) and photography (introduced in 1839). These animated discs with an average of about 8 to 16 images were usually designed as endless loops (like many GIF animations), for home use as a hand-operated "philosophical toy". The technical principles of modern animation are based on the stroboscopic illusion of motion that was introduced in 1833 with stroboscopic discs (better known as the phenakistiscope). Illustrated children's books, caricature, political cartoons and especially comic strips are closely related to animation, with much influence on visual styles and types of humour. Techniques with similarly fanciful three-dimensional moving figures include masks and costumes, puppetry and automata. Popular techniques with moving images before film include shadow play, mechanical slides and mobile projectors in magic lantern shows (especially phantasmagoria). 15.4.2 History of New Zealand animationĪnimated movies are part of ancient traditions in storytelling, visual arts and theatre.15.2.2 History of animation in Croatia (in former Yugoslavia).12 2000s–2010s: traditional techniques overshadowed by computer animation.11.3 Breakthrough of computer animation and new media.10.5 Adult-oriented theatrical animation in the 1980s.10.1 US animation's low point (early 1980s).9.3 Artistic short-animation highlights.9.1 Breakthrough of adult-oriented and counterculture feature animation.8.4 Early adult-oriented and counterculture animation.8.2.1 Decline of the theatrical short cartoon.8.2 US theatrical animation in the 1960s.8.1 US animated TV series and specials in the 1960s.7.3 Theatrical feature animation in the 1950s.7.2 Theatrical short cartoons in the 1950s.7 1950s: Shift from classic theatrical cartoons to limited animation in TV series for children.6.3 Successful theatrical short cartoons of the 1940s.6.2.1 High ambitions, setbacks and cutbacks in US feature animation.5.6 Snow White and the breakthrough of the animated feature.5.3 Multiplane cameras and the stereoptical process.5.2 Disney's Silly Symphonies in Technicolor. ![]()
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